{"id":13661,"date":"2025-01-23T19:42:26","date_gmt":"2025-01-24T02:42:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cmolnar.com\/?page_id=13661"},"modified":"2026-03-05T16:44:32","modified_gmt":"2026-03-05T23:44:32","slug":"basic-electrical-for-the-heating-ventilation-and-air-conditioning-technician","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/cmolnar.com\/?page_id=13661","title":{"rendered":"Basic Electrical for the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Technician"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size wp-block-paragraph\"><mark style=\"background-color:#fbf11c\" class=\"has-inline-color\">IMPORTANT: Click on the <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">UNDERLINED<\/span> links in the Table of Contents below to get to the next chapter, or use the Education menu at the top of the page.<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Basic Electrical<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>For the<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Technician<\/em><\/strong><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Written By:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Christopher Molnar<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Copyright \u00a9 &#8211; Our World Services, LLC \u2013 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; All Rights Reserved<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Permission to freely use and distribute current version granted to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Porter and Chester Institute, Inc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><u>TABLE OF CONTENTS<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cmolnar.com\/?page_id=13663\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"13663\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:#eefb11\" class=\"has-inline-color\">Introduction &#8211; Welcome to electronics&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; 5<\/mark><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Why this manual is needed?&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. 5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">How this manual is organized?&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. 5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What supplies and equipment will you need?&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. 5<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cmolnar.com\/?page_id=13668\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"13668\"><strong><mark style=\"background-color:#fef15f\" class=\"has-inline-color\">What is electricity?&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. 7<\/mark><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Introduction&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; 7<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alternating current&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Direct current&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; 9<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Line voltage&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Control Voltage&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Resistance&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Introduce first 5 symbols&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Switch&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Source&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Light Bulb&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Transformer&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fuse&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. 11<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Safety&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. 12<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Glossary of Terms&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cmolnar.com\/?page_id=13674\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"13674\"><strong>Build a circuit&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. 14<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">First shop project&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; 14<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cmolnar.com\/?page_id=13677\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"13677\"><strong>Ohms Law&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. 16<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Laws of Electricity&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; 16<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/cmolnar.com\/?page_id=13679\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"13679\">How to use a meter&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; 18<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Introduction to meters&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. 18<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Types of meters&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. 18<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Open Circuits&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. 20<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Complete Circuits&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; 20<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Measuring Voltage&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; 21<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Measuring Current&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. 21<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Measuring Resistance&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; 23<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The \u201cHop-scotch\u201d method of tracing circuits&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. 24<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Glossary of Terms&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. 25<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Review of the basic rules of electricity&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; 25<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/cmolnar.com\/?page_id=13690\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"13690\">Shop Project \u2013 Trace the circuit you just built&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. 25<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/cmolnar.com\/?page_id=13693\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"13693\">Source, Switch, Path, and Load&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. 28<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Introduction&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. 28<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Series Circuits&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. 28<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Loads in series&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. 29<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Parallel Circuits&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; 30<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Glossary of Key Terms&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. 32<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/cmolnar.com\/?page_id=13712\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"13712\">Shop Project \u2013 Build a Series Circuit&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. 32<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/cmolnar.com\/?page_id=13715\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"13715\">Shop Project \u2013 Build a Parallel Circuit&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; 35<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/cmolnar.com\/?page_id=13720\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"13720\">The Relay&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; 38<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Introduction&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. 38<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Contacts&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. 38<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Normally Open&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; 38<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Normally Closed&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. 38<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Relay Coil&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. 38<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Coils Ratings&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; 39<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Contact Ratings&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. 39<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Contact Configuration&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. 39<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Operation&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. 39<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Symbols&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. 40<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sequence of Operation&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. 41<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Glossary of Key Terms&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. 42<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/cmolnar.com\/?page_id=13723\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"13723\">Line Voltage Relay Shop Project&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. 42<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/cmolnar.com\/?page_id=13732\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"13732\">The Transformer&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. 47<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Introduction&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. 47<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Description and Basic Theory of a Transformer&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; 47<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Review of Control and Line Voltage&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Glossary of key terms&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. 48<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>S<a href=\"https:\/\/cmolnar.com\/?page_id=13735\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"13735\">hop Project \u2013 Build a circuit with a transformer&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; 49<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/cmolnar.com\/?page_id=13738\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"13738\">Thermostats&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; 53<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Types of thermostats&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. 53<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Heating Thermostat&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; 53<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Cooling Thermostat&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; 54<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thermostat Sensing Elements&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; 55<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bi-Metal Sensing Elements&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. 55<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Remote bulb sensing element&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; 55<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Solid State Sensing Element&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. 57<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thermostat Wiring&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. 57<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Glossary of Terms&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. 58<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/cmolnar.com\/?page_id=13748\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"13748\">Troubleshooting Section&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. 59<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Problem: I do not think my meter is working properly&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. 59<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Problem: I think I just tripped the circuit breaker as I have no power to my test board&#8230;&#8230; 59<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Problem: I just got a shock from the circuit I am working on&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; 59<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cmolnar.com\/?page_id=13751\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"13751\">Appendix A \u2013 Electrical Schematic Symbols&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. 61<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/cmolnar.com\/?page_id=13751\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"13751\">Works Cited&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. 63<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br><strong><u>Illustrations<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413345\">Figure 1 &#8211; Atomic&nbsp; Structure of an Atom (Porter and Chester Institute) 7<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413346\">Figure 2\u00df \u2013 120 Volt Alternating Current (Whitman, Johnson, Tomczyk 60) 9<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413347\">Figure 3 &#8211; Basic Schematic Diagram.. 12<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413348\">Figure 4 &#8211; Shop Wiring Diagram Basic Circuit 15<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413349\">Figure 5 &#8211; Analog Meter (Smith 60) 18<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413350\">Figure 6 &#8211; Digital Meter (Smith 60) 18<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413351\">Figure 7 &#8211; Checking voltage across a light bulb. 20<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413352\">Figure 8 &#8211; Ammeter with clamp around circuit 21<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413353\">Figure 9 &#8211; Ammeter with leads connected in series to circuit 21<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413354\">Figure 10 &#8211; Circuit from figure 4 with points marked. 25<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413355\">Figure 11 &#8211; Series Circuit two loads in series 27<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413356\">Figure 12 &#8211; Series Circuit two switches in series with load. 28<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413357\">Figure 13 &#8211; Series circuit with two light bulbs. 28<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413358\">Figure 14 &#8211; Series Circuit with three switches and one load. 29<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413359\">Figure 15 &#8211; Simple Parallel Circuit 29<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413360\">Figure 16 &#8211; Parallel Circuit with switched loads. 30<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413361\">Figure 17 &#8211; A Series Circuit with one switch and two bulbs 32<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413362\">Figure 18 &#8211; Parallel Circuit with one switch and two bulbs. 35<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413363\">Figure 19 &#8211; Relay contacts and coil on line voltage. 39<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413364\">Figure 20 &#8211; MARS relay (Courtesy MARS, Inc.) 41<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413365\">Figure 21 &#8211; MARS relay wiring diagram (Courtesy MARS, Inc.) 41<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413366\">Figure 22 &#8211; Line voltage relay wiring circuit 42<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413367\">Figure 23 &#8211; Transformer step-down circuit 45<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413368\">Figure 24 &#8211; Transformer and relay shop circuit 47<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413369\">Figure 25 &#8211; The heating thermostat 51<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413370\">Figure 26 &#8211; The cooling thermostat 51<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413371\">Figure 27 &#8211; Bi-metal sensing element (NATE C134) 52<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413372\">Figure 28 &#8211; Remote bulb thermostat 53<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413373\">Figure 29 &#8211; Remote bulb thermostat from window air conditioner 53<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#_Toc162413374\">Figure 30 &#8211; Basic Schematic Symbols (Porter and Chester Institute) 57<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>IMPORTANT: Click on the UNDERLINED links in the Table of Contents below to get to the next chapter, or use the Education menu at the top of the page. Basic Electrical For the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Technician Written By: Christopher Molnar Copyright \u00a9 &#8211; Our World Services, LLC \u2013 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":13378,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"","ocean_second_sidebar":"","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"","ocean_custom_header_template":"","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"","ofc_meta_disable_footer_callout":"","ofc_meta_callout_button_url":"","ofc_meta_callout_button_txt":"","ofc_meta_callout_text":"","ofc_enable_fullscreen":"disable","ofc_fullscreen_speed":0,"ofc_fullscreen_nav":"enable","ofc_fullscreen_nav_pos":"right","ofc_fullscreen_nav_color":"","ofc_fullscreen_nav_tooltip_color":"","ofc_fullscreen_responsive":0,"osp_disable_panel":"default","osh_disable_topbar_sticky":"default","osh_disable_header_sticky":"default","osh_sticky_header_style":"default","osh_sticky_header_effect":"","osh_custom_sticky_logo":0,"osh_custom_retina_sticky_logo":0,"osh_custom_sticky_logo_height":0,"osh_background_color":"","osh_links_color":"","osh_links_hover_color":"","osh_links_active_color":"","osh_links_bg_color":"","osh_links_hover_bg_color":"","osh_links_active_bg_color":"","osh_menu_social_links_color":"","osh_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-13661","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cmolnar.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13661","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cmolnar.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cmolnar.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cmolnar.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cmolnar.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=13661"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/cmolnar.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13661\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16687,"href":"https:\/\/cmolnar.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13661\/revisions\/16687"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cmolnar.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/13378"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cmolnar.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&par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